Cultures, Nationalism and Populism by unknow

Author:unknow
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: Nonfiction, Social & Cultural Studies, Political Science
ISBN: 9780429536038
Publisher: Taylor and Francis
Published: 2019-08-29T04:00:00+00:00

Deng Xiaoping’s new modernization and authoritarianism

In 1978, just two years after Mao Zedong’s death, China initiated reforms to open up its economy and society. This was the so-called “second revolution,” a new modernization process led by Mr. Deng Xiaoping. Deng belonged to the first generation of the CCP leadership. He joined the Communist Party in 1924 and became the Secretary-General of its Central Committee in 1928–1929. He was elected to the Central Committee of the CCP in 1945. After 1949, he served as a vice premier; he became Secretary-General in 1954, and in 1955 he was selected as a member of the Politburo, to be elevated to its Standing Committee in the following year. During the Cultural Revolution he lost his positions, but in 1973 he was rehabilitated by Mao Zedong and named vice premier and member of the Politburo. He was appointed vice chairman of the CCP’s Central Committee, vice premier of the Chinese government, and Chief of the General Staff of the PLA in 1975. He lost all his positions again in 1976 when the “Gang of Four” and Hua Guofeng temporarily assumed power in China after Mao’s death.

The definitive end of the Cultural Revolution brought Deng back into power. He resumed all his posts in the party, government, and PLA in July, 1977. He was elected vice-chairman of the CCP’s Central Committee in August of that year, and Chairman of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference the following March. Deng resigned as vice premier in 1980. He was elected to the Standing Committee of the Politburo and chosen to be Chairman of the Military Commission of the Central Committee and the first Chairman of the Central Advisory Commission in 1982 (at the 12th National Party Congress), and Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the CCP in 1983 (at the 6th National People’s Congress). He resigned the post of Chairman of the Military Commission in November of 1989 and, in 1990, stepped down from his post as Chairman of the PRC’s Central Military Commission. Deng Xiaoping never held the number one official position in either the Communist Party or the Chinese government. But in reality, he was the supreme leader after the Mao era passed. Revered along with Mao as part of the first generation of CCP leadership, he belonged to the core of the second generation of leadership of the CCP and the PRC. More importantly, he is credited with being the chief architect of China’s reform and opening.

Deng Xiaoping’s design for that reform and opening had two main components. The first of these was to unleash the market economy as the engine of China’s modernization, above all in the fields of industry, agriculture, science and technology, and national defense (the so-called “four modernizations”). The second concerned China’s internal governance, especially the leading role of the Communist Party. In 1982, during the 12th National Party Congress, Deng Xiaoping described his vision for China as “socialism with Chinese characteristics.” Many people interpreted this vision as an embrace

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